Astronomy

Proficiency 1 - Technological Advancements


Through making this I found a bunch of items (the advancements), but I only picked some of the key and best ones to use here.





"HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Happy Sweet Sixteen, Hubble Telescope! (04/24/2006) - Release Images." HubbleSite - Out of the ordinary...out of this world.. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/14/image/a/format/large_web/>.
"HubbleSite - Out of the ordinary...out of this world.." HubbleSite - Out of the ordinary...out of this world.. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://hubblesite.org/>.
"Hubble Telescope Images, great hubble telescope pictures." Astronomy Pictures, Telescopes - Collection of the best astronomy pictures ever taken. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://www.astronomy-pictures.net/hubble_telescope_images.html>
"Is a 'Dark Force' Pushing the Universe Apart?." The Daily Galaxy - Great Discoveries Channel -Your Daily Dose of Awe: Science, Space, Tech. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/07/is-a-dark-force.html>.
"LEGO Education: Connections: How a Solid-Fuel Rocket Works." LEGO Education: Store. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://www.legoeducation.us/content/item.aspx?CategoryID=166&ap=6&art=22>.
Smith, Keidee. "Hubble Telescope Discovery Anniversary and Photos." 24 April 2010. micromixx.com. 20 Jan. 2011 <http://www.micromixx.com/3831/hubble-telescope-discovery-anniversary-and-photos/>.
"Solid Fuel Rocket." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket>.
"Space shuttle ." CrunchGear . N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://www.crunchgear.com/tag/space-shuttle/>.
Stuhlinger, Ernst. "The Space Place." resonancepub.com. 20 Jan. 2011 <http://www.resonancepub.com/space.htm>.
"TED Blog | Hubble Telescope reveals size of “Xena,” Warrior Planet." TED Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://blog-staging.ted.com/2006/04/hubble_telescop/>.


Proficiency 2




"Geocentric Model." Universe Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. <http://www.universetoday.com/32607/geocentric-model/>.
"Geocentric model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model>.
"Heliocentrism - Solar System Models - NAAP." UNL Astronomy Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. <http://astro.unl.edu/naap/ssm/heliocentric.html>.
"Heliocentrism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism>.


Proficiency 3 - Black Holes

Essay

A black hole is a region of space from which nothing can escape. It is the result of the destruction of spacetime caused by a very compact mass. Around a black hole there is an undetectable surface which marks the point of no return. This surface is called an event horizon. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits it; reflecting nothing. Despite its invisible interior, a black hole can be observed through its interaction with other matter. A black hole can be found by tracking the movement of a group of stars that orbit a region in space.

The gravitational force is strong near a black hole because all the black hole's matter is concentrated at a single point in its center. This is called the singularity. It is believed to be much smaller than an atom's nucleus (the center of an atom). The Event Horizon is a surface, but it is not a normal surface that you could see or touch. At the event horizon, the pull of gravity becomes infinitely strong, so an object can exist there for only an instant as it plunges inward at the speed of light. Astronomers use the radius of the event horizon to specify the size of a black hole. The radius of a black hole measured in kilometers equals three times the number of solar masses of material in the black hole. One solar mass is the mass, amount of matter, of the sun. Also there is a line of singularity or a gravitational singularity. A gravitational singularity is a location where the quantities that are used to measure the gravitational field become infinite in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system.

While we know much on black holes, no one has yet discovered a black hole for certain. Astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates, and have also found evidence of supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies. In 1998, astronomers found compelling evidence that a supermassive black hole of more than 2 million solar masses is located near the Sagittarius A region in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. More recent results using additional data indicate that the supermassive black hole is more than 4 million solar masses.

While we haven't found a black hole, there are many theories with black holes. Like the theory that there is a "bridge" to another universe at the bottom of a black hole. If one were to travel through the black hole they would leave a white hole, a white hole is the exact opposite of a black hole, and you would be in another universe. This could help with some the other theories on how the universe and other things were created because some "items" could have traveled from different universes into ours. Another theory is that the black holes just suck everything in and crush them into it's point of singularity. I believe that theory is what will happen because it makes more sense and the odds of a black hole and white hole meeting are beyond rare and therefore the idea that a black hole crushes everything is more probable.

Using what we know and what we can predict the black hole could be a helpful tool in our study in space. Like how it bends spacetime could help us theorize how the universe was created and how everything is today. How does spacetime work? Do other universes exist? For the answers to the question we look up to the stars.


Nature, their very. "Black hole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. <http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole>.
"Gravitational singularity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_singularity>.
"NASA - NASA and World Book." NASA - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. <http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/blackhole_worldbook.html>.


Proficiency 4





"Dark Energy, Dark Matter - NASA Science." NASA Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. <http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/>.
"Dark Matter Part I: How Much Matter is There? : Starts With A Bang." ScienceBlogs. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. <http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/09/dark_matter_part_i_how_much_m
"IndiaDaily - Using Dark Matter to enable speed faster than light – a reverse engineered technology from extraterrestrial UFOs." India,Daily,News,Samachar,Bollywood,Politics,Sports,Computer. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. <http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/4008.asp>.
"We need some darkness in our lives | Play2survive’s Weblog." Play2survive’s Weblog | We have to “play to survive” environmental disaster – not by consuming resources and chasing false promises (advertising) but by focusing upon what makes humans happy, healthy, safe and without fear. This blog is about doing this i. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. <http://play2survive.wordpress.com/2008/09/23/we-need-some-darkness-in-our-lives/>.


Proficiency 5

Apollo 11 Hoax

This project was fairly easy.  It was just finding evidence to support one of the two side was the only hard part.  Putting the pieces together was a snap.






" APOD: 2003 September 20 - Apollo 11: Catching Some Sun." Astronomy Picture of the Day. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. <http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030920.html>.
"Apollo 11." Encyclopedia Astronautica. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. <http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo11.htm>.

"Apollo 11 Home." Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. <http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/as11/a11.htm>.  
"Flight Level 390: Apollo 11." Flight Level 390. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. <http://flightlevel390.blogspot.com/2009/07/apollo-11.html>.

Freudenrich, Craig, and Ph.D.. "HowStuffWorks "How the Moon Works"." HowStuffWorks - Learn How Everything Works!. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/moon.htm>.
" Nostalgia and Anticipation Follow Apollo 11 Anniversary | SpaceRef - Your Space Reference." SpaceRef - Space News as it Happens. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. <http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=14631>.
"SI Prep -- Physics -- Lunar Lander Project." St. Ignatius College Preparatory, San Francisco, CA. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. <http://www.siprep.org/science/SIPrep--Physics--LunarLanderProject.cfm>.


Proficiency 6

U.F.O'S

Essay


While writing this piece i found it hard to find UFO sightings that were unexplainable and real.  Most of the one's I found were all hoaxes.  This piece was difficult to write until I found valid and resourceful information to use.



                 A man is walking home at night.  He sees a bright light blink on and off in the night sky.  He decides to ignore it, but as he is about to turn his head.  The light grows brighter and brighter and bright.  It stays for a while as an almost blinding light then it vanishes.  The man is astounded by this.  What did he witness; a UFO.  UFO stands for unidentified flying objects and is used when and aerial phenomenon can’t be identified.  These objects have astounded people for years leaving people’s imaginations to ponder.
While most U.F.O. sighting are explained or identified later on.  5 to 20% of the sightings are still unsolved.    One of the first major sightings was in 1947 by Kenneth Arnold.  He reported that he saw nine crescent shaped U.F.O’s in the sky while flying his private plane.  After his reporting more and more people started reporting sightings.  People have also claimed to see the ones Arnold saw; backing up his sightings. Also the Government might be hiding things from us; things they don’t want us to know.  For all we know most of the sightings were ‘military related’, but those sighting could indeed be extraterrestrial visitors and our government doesn’t want us to know about them.
U.F.O.’s were spotted over a nuclear weapons arsenal.  Seven men have witnessed this and have reported that, simultaneously, some of their weapons stopped working.  This occurrence was unexplainable and the air force said it was just a rouge plane.  “The US Air Force is lying about the national security implications of the unidentified aerial objects at nuclear bases and we can prove it” said Captain Robert Salas (US Military pilots on Fox News).  What else could the Government be hiding from us?
I agree with some of the findings.  If there is no possible way to figure it 100% out then it could just as well be an alien space craft.  I think, in my opinion, that the report of the sighting over the nuclear weapons arsenal is real.  The odds of a bunch of guns working then all stop working at the exact same time is unheard of and unreal.  I think the government is trying to hide some things form us; things that they don't want us to know about. 












Admin. " Alien Activity." Get X News - . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2011. <http://www.getxnews.com/tag/alien-activity/>.
News, Lee Spiegel for AOL. " Retired Military Personnel To Confirm UFO Incursions at American Nuclear Weapons Sites : Veterans Today." Veterans Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2011. <http://www.veteranstoday.com/2010/09/25/retired-military-personnel-to-confirm-ufo-incursions-at-american-nuclear-weapons-sites/>.  
"UFO Evidence : Government Cover Ups." ufoevidence.org. 12 Jan. 2011 <http://www.ufoevidence.org/topics/government.htm>.
"Unidentified flying objects." wikipedia.org. 12 Jan. 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufo>.
"US Military pilots on Fox News." 28 September 2010. examiner.com. 12 Jan. 2011 <http://www.examiner.com/pop-culture-in-hartford/us-military-pilots-on-fox-news-ufo-sightings-over-nuclear-weapons-arsenals>.


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